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Heat exchangers are essential in a wide range of engineering applications, including power plants, automobiles, airplanes, process and chemical industries, and heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Revised and updated with new problem sets and examples, Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design, Third Edition presents a systematic treatment of the various types of heat exchangers, focusing on selection, thermal-hydraulic design, and rating.

 

Topics discussed include:

 

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• Classification of heat exchangers according to different criteria
• Basic design methods for sizing and rating of heat exchangers
• Single-phase forced convection correlations in channels
• Pressure drop and pumping power for heat exchangers and their piping circuit
• Design solutions for heat exchangers subject to fouling
• Double-pipe heat exchanger design methods
• Correlations for the design of two-phase flow heat exchangers
• Thermal design methods and processes for shell-and-tube, compact, and gasketed-plate heat exchangers
• Thermal design of condensers and evaporators
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This third edition contains two new chapters. Micro/Nano Heat Transfer explores the thermal design fundamentals for microscale heat exchangers and the enhancement heat transfer for applications to heat exchanger design with nanofluids. It also examines single-phase forced convection correlations as well as flow friction factors for microchannel flows for heat transfer and pumping power calculations. Polymer Heat Exchangers introduces an alternative design option for applications hindered by the operating limitations of metallic heat exchangers. The appendices provide the thermophysical properties of various fluids.

 

Each chapter contains examples illustrating thermal design methods and procedures and relevant nomenclature. End-of-chapter problems enable students to test their assimilation of the material.

The structure of any human society is a typical pyramidal one, with a critical minority of people gradually moving up through the social structure due to their own intelligence and diligence, and in some cases through violence and fraud. When they have sufficient financial power and influence, they will in turn consolidate and expand their vested interests by changing the rules of the game and creating a ruling elite with interlocking interests. If the power pyramid structure of Eastern societies is based on regimes, the Western pyramid of domination is a chain of very hidden debts that hold the various strata of society firmly together. In Western societies, creditors have dominant power and debtors are in a dominated position, and the main function of the state apparatus is to protect and reinforce the reliability of this chain. In the West, whoever is the biggest creditor is the ultimate lawmaker of the game, and central banks, controlled by international bankers since the 19th century, are undoubtedly the biggest creditors of society as a whole, with the rest of society, including governments, being their debtors. From this perspective, the West today is actually a financial powerhouse controlling government decisions.

This book will comprehensively describe the formation, development, exclusion, conflict, alliance and checks and balances of the major financial power groups in Europe and the United States over a period of 300 years, systematically analyze the operation and decision-making mechanism of the dominant forces behind the scenes in the world today, and for the first time unveil the mystery of the “international banking family club” that rules the world.

Prologue My calendar is full of dead people.&160; When my phone alarm chimes, I fish it out from the pocket of my cargo pants. I’ve forgotten, with the time change, to turn off the reminder. I’m still groggy with sleep, but I open the date and read the names: Iris Vale. Eun Ae Kim. Alan Rosenfeldt. Marlon Jensen .&160; I close my eyes, and do what I do every day at this moment: I remember them.&160; Iris, who had died tiny and birdlike, had once driven a getaway car for a man she loved who’d robbed a bank. Eun Ae, who had been a doctor in Korea, but couldn’t practice in the United States. Alan had proudly showed me the urn he bought for his cremated remains and then joked, I haven’t tried it on yet . Marlon had changed out all the toilets in his house and put in new flooring and cleaned the gutters; he bought graduation gifts for his two children and hid them away. He took his twelve-year-old daughter to a hotel ballroom and waltzed with her while I filmed it on his phone, so that the day she got married there would be video of her dancing with her father.&160; At one point, they were my clients. Now, they’re my stories to keep.&160; Everyone in my row is asleep. I slip my phone back into my pocket and carefully crawl over the woman to my right without disturbing her—air traveler’s yoga—to make my way to the bathroom in the rear of the plane. There I blow my nose and look in the mirror. I’m at the age where that’s a surprise, where I still think I’m going to see a younger woman rather than the one who blinks back&160;at me. Lines fan from the corners of my eyes, like the creases of a familiar map. If I untangle the braid that lies over my left shoulder, these terrible fluorescent lights would pick up those first gray strands in my hair. I’m wearing baggy pants with an elastic waist, like every other sensible nearly-forty woman who knows she’s going to be on a plane for a long-haul flight. I grab a handful of tissues and open the door, intent on heading back to my seat, but the little galley area is packed with flight attendants. They are knotted together like a frown.&160; They stop talking when I appear. “Ma’am,” one of them says, “could you please take your seat?”&160;It strikes me that their job isn’t really very different from mine. If you’re on a plane, you’re not where you started, and you’re not where you’re going. You’re caught in between. A flight attendant is the guide who helps you navigate that passage smoothly. As a death doula, I do the same thing, but the journey is from life to death, and at the end, you don’t disembark with two hundred other travelers. You go alone.&160;I climb back over the sleeping woman in the aisle seat and buckle my seatbelt just as the overhead lights blaze and the cabin comes alive.&160;“Ladies and gentlemen,” a voice announces, “we have just been informed by the captain that we’re going to have a planned emergency. Please listen to the flight attendants and follow their directions.”&160;I am frozen. Planned emergency . The oxymoron sticks in my mind.&160;There is a quick rush of sound—shock rolls through the cabin—but no screams, no loud cries. Even the baby behind me, who shrieked for the first two hours of the flight, is silent. “We’re crashing,” the woman on the aisle whispers. “Oh my God, we’re crashing.”She must be wrong; there hasn’t even been turbulence. Everything has been normal. But then the flight attendants station themselves in the aisles, performing a strange, staccato ballet of safety movements as instructions are read over the speakers. Fasten your&160; seatbelts. When you hear the word brace, assume the brace position. After the plane comes to a complete stop you’ll hear Release your seatbelts . Get out. Leave everything behind. Leave everything behind.&160; For someone who makes a living through death, I haven’t given a lot of thought to my own.&160;I have heard that when you are about to die, your life flashes before your eyes.&160;But I do not picture my husband, Brian, his sweater streaked with inevitable chalk dust from the old-school blackboards in his physics lab. Or Meret, as a little girl, asking me to check for monsters under the bed. I do not envision my mother, not like she was at the end or before that, when Kieran and I were young.&160;Instead, I see him.&160; As clearly as if it were yesterday, I imagine Wyatt in the middle of the Egyptian desert, the sun beating down on his hat, his neck ringed with dirt from the constant wind, his teeth a flash of lightning. A man who hasn’t been part of my life for fifteen years. A place I left behind.&160;A dissertation I never finished.&160;Ancient Egyptians believed that to get to the afterlife, they had to be deemed innocent in the Judgment Hall. Their hearts were weighed against the feather of Ma’at, of truth.&160;I am not so sure my heart will pass.&160;The woman to my right is softly praying in Spanish. I fumble for my phone, thinking to turn it on, to send a message, even though I know there is no signal, but I can’t seem to open the button on my pants pocket. A hand catches mine and squeezes.I look down at our fists, squeezed so tight a secret couldn’t slip between our palms. Brace , the flight attendants yell. Brace!&160; As we fall out of the sky, I wonder who will remember me. Much later I would learn that when a plane crashes and the emergency personnel show up, the flight attendants tell them how many&160;souls were on board. Souls, not people. As if they know our bodies are only passing through for a little while.&160; I would learn that one of the fuel filters became clogged midflight. That the second filter-clogging light came on in the cockpit forty-five minutes out, and in spite of what the pilots tried, they could not clear it, and they realized they’d have to do a land evacuation. I would learn that the plane came in short of Raleigh-Durham, sticking down in the football field of a private school. As it hit the bleachers with a wing, the plane tipped, rolled, broke into pieces.&160;Much later I would learn of the family with the baby behind me, whose row of three seats separated from the floor and was thrown from the aircraft, killing them instantaneously. I would hear about the six others who had been crushed as the metal buckled; the flight attendant who never came out of her coma. I would read the names of the passengers in the last ten rows who hadn’t gotten out of the broken fuselage before it erupted in flame.&160;I would learn that I was one of thirty-six people who walked away from the crash.&160;When I step out of the examination room of the hospital we’ve been taken to, I’m dazed. A woman in a uniform is in the hallway, talking to a man with a bandaged arm. She is part of an emergency response team from the airline that has overseen medical checks by physicians, given us clean clothes and food, and flown in frantic family members.&160;“Ms. Edelstein?” she says, and I blink, until I realize she is talking to me.&160;A million years ago, I had been Dawn McDowell. I’d published under that name. But my passport and license read Edelstein. Like Brian’s.&160;In her hand she has a checklist of crash survivors.&160;She puts a tick next to my name. “Have you been seen by a doctor?”&160;“Not yet.” I glance back at the examination room.&160;“Okay. I’m sure you have some questions . . . ?”&160;That’s an understatement.&160; Why am I alive, when others aren’t? Why did I book this particular flight? What if I’d been detained checking in, and had missed it? What if I’d made any of a thousand other choices that would have led&160;me far away from this crash? At that, I think of Brian, and his theory of the multiverse. Somewhere, in a parallel timeline, there is another me at my own funeral. At the same time, I think—again, always—of Wyatt. I have to get out of here. I don’t realize I have said this out loud until the airline representative responds. “Once we get the doctor’s paperwork, you’re clear to leave. Is someone coming for you, or do you need us to make travel arrangements?”We, the lucky ones, have been told we can have a plane ticket anywhere we need to go—to our destination, back to where the flight originated, even somewhere else, if necessary. I have already called my husband. Brian offered to come get me, but I told him not to. I didn’t say why. I clear my throat. “I have to book a flight,” I say.“Absolutely.” The woman nods. “Where do you need to go?” Boston, I think. Home. But there’s something about the way she phrases the question: need, instead of want; and another destination rises like steam in my mind.I open my mouth, and I answer.